Titanic :: essays research papers fc

large I have always been intrigued by the Titanic, but my gratify boomed with the recent development in how the side of the ship was damaged. I was amazed that instead of causing a gaping wound, as was previously believed, the iceberg that Titanic hit merely caused a series of small rips in the side of the ship. Sonar was used to determine that the side of the ship had six small slits that were no bigger than a single hand (http//www.titanic.cc/sonar.htm). This research amazed me because of the amount of water that passed through the small slits in the hull. I was always interested in ships, but the mystery that surrounded the Titanic sinking caused me to choose it for my senior project. At our first meeting (May 29, 1997), Mrs. Ferguson mentioned that I should try to incorporate my creative piece of music abilities into the project. Together, we came up with writing fictional diary entries for real passengers. My intent was to bring the people of the doomed liner to life through their thoughts throughout the trip. I chose which passengers diaries I would write and then heavily researched each of these individuals. The craze from the movie Titanic made getting information difficult but I was able to rumple the facts I needed from the Internet as well as books and documents from the library. After researching the people, I adapted their personas and attempted to write a close facsimile to what I believe their diaries would have resembled. RMS Titanic was the last grand dream of the Gilded Age. It was designed to be the greatest achievement of an era of prosperity, confidence, and propriety. The old presumptions approximately class, morals, and gender-roles were about to be shattered. If the concept of Titanic was the climax of the age, then perhaps its sinking was the curtain that marked the end of the old drama and the start of a sunrise(prenominal) one. The intensely competitive transatlantic steamship business had seen recent major advances in ship des ign, size and speed. White Star Line, one of the leaders, was determined to counseling on size and elegance rather than pure speed. In 1907, White Star Lines managing director, J. Bruce Ismay, and Lord James Pirrie, a partner in Harland & Wolff, conceived of a raft of three magnificent steam ships which would set a new standard for comfort, elegance, and safety.

Analysis of Transaction Processing Systems :: Computer Science Technology Essays

Analysis of Transaction Processing SystemsIt is the touch on in which a dust do to a users command to carry out close to operation to and fro. The request or command iscalled TRANSACTION, and the system carrying it out is calledTRANSACTION touch on SYSTEM e.g cash machines. Transactionprocessing systems argon the systems working at a low level of anyorganizational structure being operated by data entry operators etc tocollect and store data which is needed to be transported then todecisional level of organisations. But it is important to make surenothing goes revile at this level of handling data before it istransported to upper level to be manipulated and then making decisionsbased on information provided.There is some body forth for the propositions that(1) Transaction processing systems should be able to be managed withineach work group in an organisation, managed that is with respect towork stations in use and functionality available on thoseworkstations.(2) exhibit very l ittle model behaviour.(3) support a high degree of operator independence or asynchornity.REFERNCEhttp//www.csse.monash.edu.au/cavram/ papers/tp/tr94-02h.htmlThere are 9 types of transaction processing models1 Batch systems2 Monitor systems 3 Time sharing systems4 Advanced realistic terminal front end systems5 Client server systems6 Electronic mail and forms7 Database based groupware8 (IVR) systems9 (EDI) systemsTransaction processing systems are information systems which collect data anddistribute operational data both within and between organisations. The widespread use of networks and personal computers (used as terminals) has providedfeasible new options for the design of transaction processing systemsb. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMSDecision Support Systems (DSS) are a class of computerized informationsystems that support decision-making activities. DSS are interactivecomputer-based systems and subsystems intended to help decisionmakers use communications technologies, data, document s, knowledgeand/or models to successfully complete decision process tasksReference http//dssresources.com/Decision support systems are the computer information application which collects and analyze data and then present it to the decision makingpeople of organisation i.e managers . decision support system as the namesuggest help and support managers to make effective ,right and timely decisions.These systems store and process data at a much high and efficient speed andthen represent the information in multiple forms which could be regular text ,graphical representation, numerical etc which really enable managers to germup with timely and right decisions.As the decision makers could be different so can be the systems assome work individually darn other work in teams there are differences indecision contexts, types, and makers.There are certain common traits that decision-making processes tendto exhibit. They typically involve the phases of intelligence, design, and

Foreign Aid Programs are a Great Investment :: Politics Political Essays

The get together States has proven again and again that foreign helper net be a worthwhile venture. While donating less than iodine half of one percent of the federal budget towards economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has been fitted to establish trading markets for the leave as well as the future. Between 1990 and 1993 alone, U.S. exports to developing nations increased by $46 billion (Ten Questions Commonly Asked to a greater extent or less U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs). This spectacular change would not have happened if it were not for foreign assistance programs. Trade opportunities do not simply materialize, the groundwork moldiness first be stupefy in place. Through business code reforms, the strengthening of commercial banks, and the setting of reasonable tax and tariff standards, USAID helps to create an purlieu that will attract American investment and trade. Take for instance, the example of South Korea. During the 1960s and 70s, South Korea was one of the United States prime targets for foreign assistance. The U.S. now exports more to South Korea in one year than was donated during both the 1960s and 70s. Because of this, the two have become extremely close allies, and are now two of the best trading partners in the universe of discourse (Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs).   Likewise, financially aided agricultural research in developing countries has resulted in millions of dollars of improved yields for U.S. farmers (USAID Research Helps U.S. Farmers ). By 1992, two-thirds of the United States rice acreage was planted in varieties acquired through agricultural research funded through foreign assistance programs. With this technology, the United States is now the worlds second guide rice exporter ( outlandish Research). As another example, while in Latin America, USAID invested less than $5 million in the research of greenbug resistant hybrids. By 1989, economic gains to the United States had reached almost $400 million. Due to a recent breakthrough, U.S. foreign assistance research has lead to a rust free straw crop. Kansas and Oklahoma alone are expected to save over $90 million in harvest costs (Agricultural Research ).   Furthermore, according to USAID at the International Development Conference on January 1995, 200,000 U.S. jobs were created through foreign aid programs. This was possible because USAID requires nearly all foreign aid be spent on U.S.Foreign Aid Programs are a Great Investment Politics Political EssaysThe United States has proven again and again that foreign aid can be a worthwhile venture. While donating less than one half of one percent of the federal budget towards economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has been able to establish trading markets for the present as well as the future. Between 1990 and 1993 alone, U.S. exports to developing nations increased by $46 billion (Ten Questions Commonly Asked Abo ut U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs). This dramatic change would not have happened if it were not for foreign assistance programs. Trade opportunities do not simply materialize, the groundwork must first be put in place. Through business code reforms, the strengthening of commercial banks, and the setting of reasonable tax and tariff standards, USAID helps to create an environment that will attract American investment and trade. Take for instance, the example of South Korea. During the 1960s and 70s, South Korea was one of the United States prime targets for foreign assistance. The U.S. now exports more to South Korea in one year than was donated during both the 1960s and 70s. Because of this, the two have become extremely close allies, and are now two of the best trading partners in the world (Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs).   Likewise, financially aided agricultural research in developing countries has resulted in millions of dollars of i mproved yields for U.S. farmers (USAID Research Helps U.S. Farmers ). By 1992, two-thirds of the United States rice acreage was planted in varieties acquired through agricultural research funded through foreign assistance programs. With this technology, the United States is now the worlds second leading rice exporter (Agricultural Research). As another example, while in Latin America, USAID invested less than $5 million in the research of greenbug resistant hybrids. By 1989, economic gains to the United States had reached almost $400 million. Due to a recent breakthrough, U.S. foreign assistance research has lead to a rust free wheat crop. Kansas and Oklahoma alone are expected to save over $90 million in harvest costs (Agricultural Research ).   Furthermore, according to USAID at the International Development Conference on January 1995, 200,000 U.S. jobs were created through foreign aid programs. This was possible because USAID requires nearly all foreign aid be spent on U.S.

Hamlet and Horatio Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet and Horatio Horatio holds the seat of honor in Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet, for creation the only reference work among the dramatis personae who is extremely close to the protagonist. Horatios emotional bond with the hero is paradoxically closer than that of Hamlets mother to the hero. This essay allow for examine the character of Horatio, Hamlets truest friend. D.G. James essay, The New Doubt, explains the heros passionate admiration of Horatio But we must remark how Hamlet speaks of Horatio he does so in words of passionate admiration. His election had sealed Horatio for himself because in suffering all, Horatio suffered nothing and it is the man who is not passions slave whom he would wear in his hearts core. How clearly he would be like Horatio And yet, in the face of what has happened, ought he to be like Horatio? or ought he not to take up arms against his troubles, and violently end them and perhaps thereby himself? (45) In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington shows insight into Horatios character However much Horatios philosophic skepticism may limit his own ability to perceive those things in heaven and earth that Hamlet would slang him observe, Horatio remains the companion from whom Hamlet has most to learn. Hamlet can trust his friend not to angle for advancement, or to reveal the terrible secret of gallant murder. Best of all, Horatio is As one in suffring all that suffers nothing, A man that Fortunes buffets and rewards Hast taen with equal thanks.. . . Like Hamlet, Horatio believes that expiration is a felicity, and even tries to take his own life. Yet he accepts his duty in this harsh worldly success as well ... ..., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. mom Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. Sa n Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. publications of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. Hamlet A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p. Pocket Books, 1958.

The History of the Criminal Justice System in America Essay -- essays

The History of the Criminal Justice System in AmericaThe criminal justice organisation has been evolving since the first colonists came to America. At first, the colonists used a criminal justice system that mirrored those in England, France, and Holland. Slowly the French and Dutch influences faded away difference what was considered the English common law system. The common law system was nothing more than a set of rules used to solve problems within the communities. This system was not based on laws or codes, but simply that of previous decisions handed down by judges. Although rudimentary, this common law system did make the distinction between misdemeanors and the more serious crimes known as felonies.As the colonies grew so did the criminal justice system. The colonists expa...

The History of the Criminal Justice System in America Essay -- essays

The History of the Criminal Justice System in AmericaThe criminal justice system has been evolving since the first colonists came to America. At first, the colonists used a criminal justice system that mirrored those in England, France, and Holland. Slowly the French and Dutch influences faded away leaving what was considered the English mutual law system. The common law system was nothing more than a set of rules used to solve problems within the communities. This system was not based on laws or codes, but simply that of previous decisions handed down by judges. Although rudimentary, this common law system did make the distinction between misdemeanors and the more full crimes known as felonies.As the colonies grew so did the criminal justice system. The colonists expa...

Literature and Cinema Essay

Life is a Theme of writings, literary works is the expression of Life. Life fashions Literature and Literature moulds Life. The intimate relation between Literature and Cinema is one of the general place truths which expect been illustrated again and again, both Social and literary invigoration history. Literature is the most fascinating creation of a literary artist found on the style and stategy of life. Life and reality be the basics of Literature.Its a product of creation of a literary artist, accompanied with his theoretical and practical knowledge, idea, thoughts and imagination, where an artist creates his own animated piece with realistic events and incidents. As finished the words of Mathew Arnold Literature is the best record that is thought and Known in the world, in the words of Satyajit Literature was another avenue for the expression of his seminal talents.Cinema, an art of showing life of human beings and the individual happenings in life, which literature glorifies, not only the actual occurances but also reflects in an idealized form, the standards of loving thought and morality. Cinema/Movies, the most remarkable, illuminating & fascinating discovery of Science and Technology, where the credit goes to the Ameri back end scientist Thomas Alva Edison. The tone of literature changes with the stages of society, life style and the respective incidents, which portrayted & given a clear view by means of perfective moulding in humour of Films.These motion-picture show/Vedio tapes are chosen out of the American experimental tradition to exemplify the various techniques of marrying the two arts Literature & Cinema. Every natural incident before the poet, around him, in world is the only source of utterance, arouses out his inspiration & his creative energy that rests upon the core of reality. This what further transformed into poems, speeches, songs and novels respectively.The poet presents his skillfulness, an admirable creation of his imagination and fancy in the thinker of the readers, but in Later Middle Ages with the growth and development of drama led the people to exemplify another form of art, their intense fascination on gestures and acting, Various forms of drama were performed based on different scripts gives a clear evidence from the popularity of Miracle and Morality plays and Interludes before the advent of Elizabeathan drama and playwrights.The dramatic performances were based on antiphonal singing, dialogues were written and the possibilities were in Roman Catholic Church, with the advent of Elizabeathan drama, various plays of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Dickens and others followed, enriching the English literature. Considering the nature of work of literature can be get the picture by means of two stages, the art of reading and the art of showing, in which the later transforms poetry, novels, short stories into Cinema.The major distinction between them lies as poetry be to the art of utterance, whil e cinema/movies the art of showing, but on the whole they both dont make easily a good couple. These strikes and the vedio makers puddle taken up the ch every last(predicate)enge anyway to make a way of responding the poets work, creating original cinematic writing, gradually leading to the magical, amusing world of merriment and the fantasy in films.Cinema, A proportionate to the style of language as when a novel, short story transformed into a film, the first note creditable part comes the script. The script source may or may not mould down the language of the novel in gear up to make an uncomplicated communication and understanding to the audience, mainly applicable in commercial films. In case of commercial films the novel or short story may be taken as a script but it may be modified according to the flavour of audience.The conductor Overrules the whole cinematographic sequence and drives away his workshop, tackling all barriers, creating a view of life and reality, giv ing a colourful portraiture of a dream world mingling with comic and tragic sequences with distinct and dancing, stepping on toes, wooing each other with charms of mouth, eye and mind.Finally ending with an admirable climax. Thus listening and reading a poets work is equally comparative to viewing and listening film makers work. Infact, Movies/Films are a directors medium, as they reflect directors own great deal and his thoughts, but a fact acts as a contradiction and though debateable, how can a cinema be its truly literaray genius ?As when a great work of literature is adopted and placed on the screen by a director, whether it will be true or equal to the writers vision, as while transforming it into a celluloid. With the inception of Cinema, Literature has attracted all the creative film makers, pioneers in the world of cinema such as Pramathesh Barua, Debaki Basu have based their films on the eminent works of Sarat Chatterjee, Tarashankar Bandhopadhyay and others.Satyajit Ray s Pather Panchali was the first which brought International Acclaim, was wholly based on the great work of literature of Bibhuti Bhusan Bandhopadhayay, opposite than his Imaginative Creation Of Feluda, a Private Investigator, His nephew and literary artist Jatayu, together making The Three Musketeers, roaming different places, solving cases purely based on intellect also placed on the screen- Sonar KellaThe Golden Fortress, Joy Baba Felunath Mystery of the Elephant God and many more.His Creation Of Professor Shonku a Scientific, mystery thriller and Tarini Khuro, an adventurous, mystery sequence bring us to his imagination, art and literacy. Film Meastro Tapan Sinha in his film Kabuliwallah, which is wholly based on Tagores story, have also struck the writers vision. Eminent film makers as Mrinal Sen, Kumar Shahani and Adoor Gopala Krishnan were criticized ruthlessly when their literary works are adopted but distinguished from the original work.Mrinal Sens Oriya film Matira Manusya in 1965, the first Oriya film with an wicked literacy but had to face criticism due to the differentiation of literacy work with the film. Godrad and Mrinal Sen always based their films on the recreation of literacy classics. In this case the ideas and statements of the film makers get dwarfed in order to be true to the literary classics. Now lifting the veil of literary classics, there are many other eminent countless good Indian films were made simply by translating the works of Sarat Chatterjee, R.K Narayan, Banophool, Premchand, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay, Manik Bondhopadhayay and many more. It is indeed a credit of the director, translating these fabulous works into films by enhancing the appeal of the novel, doing a perfect justice to the writers work, possibly contributing a commercial support. Apart from this there are also enough contribution of the film makers of abroad. Films/Movies based on Shakesperean Comedy drama Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Twelft h Night, The Merchant Of Venice etc.Even Shakespeares tragedies are transformed in Movies- Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear Tempest etc. Marlowes Edward II, Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, Miltons Paradise Lost, Charles Dickens Great Expectations and many more have been moulded and given a new look, quite popular to our present generation. Penny Gay interested in film adaptation of classics, particularly of Shakespeare and Jane Austen she is enthusiastic about free, imaginative, and wide-ranging rather than literalist attempts to translate these works to the screen.She has supervised several Honours dissertations in this field, and has taught a unit of hit the books called Shakespeare in the City which is entirely based on film versions. A close analysis on the films of Premchandra and Saratchandra, we find the characters and the situations are created in such a way, it seems it appears from modern day. Mordern world are in the urge of horror, mystery,thriller Stories, suspenc e thriller, brutal murders, death sequences centering round a single cause may b a human being, living dead or alive, beasts and insects, by any cause of scientific or natural disaster, take a major role in the world of Cinema.Commertialy they usually do a huge amount of business. Species 1& 2 shows how natural concequences takes a major part in creation of a new species, a living organism with in human beings. Spiders and its Offsprings Arachnophobia, Eight legged Freaks gives a proper evidence of how a simple carelessness can turn into a terror of death, an unstoppable end. Similarly in movie Final DestinationIt is seen a different style of terror resulting death and its concomitant horrors, with a superb touch of realism, blood hell and unyielding spirit of revenge paralysed the audience with terror.Mrinal Sen said Cinema is never overawed by Literature as he never based his films on any literary piece of work nor he translated any literary work into films, but he never moved a way from literature. The Joyous elements of literature always attracted his vision. A small synopsis of the work or novel is enough for him to produce a film, as he belived Cinema is a joint form of art, as a new form of art, borrows ideas from the old, creating a new way out from its curves and leads the style of progress as a medium. Kevin Bacon Says A good director creates an environment, which gives the actor the encouragement to fly, Hector Babenko said Curiosity doesnt matter any more. These days people dont want to be transported to emotional territories where they dont know how to react. -Robert Bresson said My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I use, which are killed on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life again like flowers in water. The Script for making a movie always comes from literature, Pratical incidents, Realism, Beauty, Nature, Romance, comedy, Tragedy, S oliloque are the common facts of both literature and cinema. Cinema is Solely indebeted to literature, either partially or completely. Though the world of literature never ends, each moment of life, makes a literary artist discover new ideas and thoughts, a debateable question, indeed both literature and cinema are interconnected to each other, Literature can turn into a Cinematic view/cinema, but a cinema can never turn into literature.To a Literary genious, Literature is a view of life, a mode of survival, thinking, communicating, expressing his thoughts, but to a Director, film the only mode of communication. A question arises whether cinema should be a true literary genius, it depends on the director as he should be given complete freedom of cinematizing the literary classics in his own view. Cinematising, creating a celluloid of the great classics of literature reflects the vision of the writer and the ideas of the director simultaneously, Still remains unquestionable Literatur e is bound to cinema or Cinema is bound to literature ?.

Idling Engine Ban

1. To what extent do you agree with the faineance locomotive ban? A few days ago, the Environmental Protection Department proposed to legislate the groundlessness engine ban, under which all vehicles must sell glum their engines. I totally disagree with the idling engine ban, for I think that this policy not only bearnot bring benefits to pedestrians in air quality, barely instead brings harm to drivers and passengers. To start with, the idling engine ban brings inconvenience to drivers.As the idling engine ban proposes that a driver has to switch off their idle engines immediately, drivers had to switch of their engines even if they had to wait in a place for as short as 3 minutes. This abrupt switching off and on of the engine is not only some(prenominal)ersome to drivers, but may lead to a shorter lifespan of motor vehicles. Apart from the harm to the driver, a problem of poor ventilation is caused by the idling engine ban, which feigns both drivers and passengers. As sta ted by the judicature, vehicles are the second largest local source of air pollutants.In the middle of the road where traffic is intense, if a driver has to switch off the air causationer and open the windows, the driver and the passengers will breathe in harmful gases which will affect their health in the long term. Also, when the temperature reaches above 30 degrees in summer, drivers and passengers have a high chance of suffering from heat strokes if the air conditioner is turned off. To maintain a drivers good condition of health is crucial when driving, therefore the idling engine ban is not feasible. Moreover, from the governments perspective, it is difficult for the idling engine ban to be passed.Firstly, a fine of $320 may not be severe enough to stop drivers from switching on their idling engines. Secondly, as there are many exemptions to the ban, the police will not be able to identify violating vehicles effectively. The usefulness of the ban would be greatly decrease d. The government stated that the idling engine ban can reduce air pollution in Hong Kong as vehicles are a main pollutant. I agree that the ban can improve the health of Hong Kong citizens and pedestrians in particular, though only in a small extent.However, statistics show that emissions produced when vehicles are idle are only a small part of gas emitted by vehicles. In fact, running vehicles produce a major(ip) part of pollutants. Thus, I think that the idling engine ban is not significant enough the government should consider alternatives to tackle the major problem of the increasing number of private cars to reduce air pollution. To conclude, the idling engine ban would cause inconvenience to drivers and affect the health of drivers and pedestrians. It would be difficult to implement and ineffective to reduce air pollution.Therefore, I totally disagree with the idling engine ban as it brings harmful effects to all stakeholders. 2. What can individuals, private organizations an d the government do to ease the costs you have identify in Q1? In Q1, I have identified the costs of the idling engine ban as inconvenience to drivers, poor ventilation during hot weather, difficult implementation and insignificance in reducing air pollution. Firstly, if the idling engine ban was implemented, individual drivers can develop more than self-discipline and abide to the laws so that gas emissions will decrease.They can also report on cases of violating the ban. The effectiveness of the ban would increase and implementation of the ban would be more successful. Individuals can also ride on public vehicles more often, so that the major source of air pollutants would be cut down. Secondly, private organizations such as environmental organizations can tell Hong Kong citizens the benefits of the idling engine ban through big functions or advertisements, so that more drivers will see the meaning behind the ban and will not complain that it is inconvenient.They will obey the b an more strictly. Thirdly, the government can ease the poor ventilation during hot weather by changing the ban to allow exemption of all vehicles from switching off the idle engine when the temperature is over 30 degrees. Also, the government can increase the fine so that drivers would not violate the ban easily and it would be easier to implement the ban.

Nine Major Regulatory Bodies Essay

1. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The IRS was established in 1913. Its utilisation is to administer and enforce the internal revenue laws. Its deferd mission is to provide Americas taxpayers top quality service by helping them watch and meet their tax responsibilities and by applying the tax law with integrity and fairness to all. (Internal Revenue Service, 2008)2. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to scotch the securities market. The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, paradely, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2008)3. Financial report Foundation (FAF). The Financial explanation Foundation (FAF) is a private sector organization that formed in 1972 to create standards for fiscal accounting. Its mission is to establish financial accounting and reporting standards finished an independent and open process, resulting in financial reports that provide decision useful information (Financial bill Foundation, 2008)4. Financial write up Standards Board (FASB). The (FAF) formed the (FASB) in 1973 to align up standards for nongovernmental accounting and reporting. The mission of (FASB) is to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2008)5. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). The Governmental Accounting Standards Board was organized in 1984 by FAF to generate GAAP for state and local governments. The mission of the GASB is to establish and improve standards of state and local government accounting and financial reporting that will result in useful information for users of financial reports and guide and educate the, including issuers, auditors, and us ers of those financial reports. (Governmental Accounting Standards Board, 2008)6. Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board.The (FASAB) was established in 1990 by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the Comptroller General to produce GAAP for the federal government. The mission of the FASAB is to promulgate federal accounting standards after considering the financial and budgetary information, needs of citizens, congressional oversight groups, executive agencies, and the needs of other users of federal financial information. (Federal Accounting Standards Accounting Standards Advisory Board, 2008)7. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)Since its inception in 2001 the (IASB) has created global GAAP and standards. The mission of the (IASB) is to develop, in the public interest a single set of high quality, understandable and international financial reporting standards (IFRSs) for general purpose financial statements (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008)8. frequent Company Accounting circumspection Board (PCAOB)The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) established the familiar Company Accounting Oversight Board to issue auditing standards for public auditing firms. The mission of the PCAOB is to oversee the auditors of public companies in order to protect the interests of investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, fair, and independent audit reports (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2008)9. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants was born in 1887. The mission of the (AICP) is to provide members with the resources, information, and leadership that enable them to provide valuable services in the highest pro manner to benefit the public as well as employers and clients (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 2008)ReferencesAmerican Institute of Certified Publi c Accountants. (2008). AICPA legation. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.aicpa.org/About+the+AICPA/AICPA+Mission/Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. (n.d.). Welcome to the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.fasb.org/facts/Financial Accounting Foundation. (n.d.). FAF Strategic Plan. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.fasb.org/faf/Strategic_Plan.shtmlFinancial Accounting Standards Board. (n.d.). Facts About FASB. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.fasb.org/facts/Governmental Accounting Standards Board. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.gasb.org/.Internal Revenue Service. (n.d.). The Agency, its Mission and Statutory Authority. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.irs.gov/irs/article/0,,id=98141,00.htmlInternational Accounting Standards Board. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.iasb.org/About+Us/International+Accounting+Standards+Board+-+About+ Us.htmPublic Company Accounting Oversight Board. (2008). Our Mission. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//pcaobus.org/U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2008, November 7). The Investors Advocate How the SEC Protects Investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http//www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml

Do we have global culture? Essay

There are significant resonances here with academic depictions of globalisation. I have argued elsewhere that an economic-homogenization model of globalization is becoming more and more dominant, in both academic and popular usage, which focuses attention on the improved combination of the global economy and its homogenizing effects on state policy and elaboration (Eschle 2004). Such a model is prevalent in International Relation (IR).It is characteristic of liberal IR approaches that support globalization, infidelal refutations of globalization as exaggerated and ideological, and critical IR theories that condemn globalization as profoundly damaging. It is with this last, critical, approach in IR that we find the strongest resonance with activist discourses. Both activist and academic critics share the assumption that globalization equates with the neo-liberal economic developments described above.Then, in an extremely significant move, these developments might be linked to the underlying structures of the economy and globalization reinterpreted as the latest stage of capitalism. According to Klein, the critique of capitalism just saw a comeback of Santana-like proportions (200212). The global culture is usually used in coeval academic discourse to distinguish the experience of everyday life in specific, exclusive localities. It reflects ordinary peoples feelings of suitability, comfort, and precision attributes that define personal preferences and rapidly varying tastes.In this framework, it is hard to argue that an overarching, global culture in fact exists. Jet-setting sophisticates can feel comfortable operating in a global network break up from specific localities, but the numbers involved are, as yet, insufficient to comprise a rational cultural system. For the majority people, place and locality still matter. change surface the diasporic discussed by Appadurai are entrenched in local communities (sometimes several) tied together by universal per ceptions of what constitutes a proper and fulfilling lifestyle.Many software engineers and Internet entrepreneurs who go bad and work in Silicon Valley, California, maintain homes (and strong social ties) in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Punjab. Rather than searching for substantiation that a world culture already exists, a more productive approach is to focus on features of life that are affected by the globalizing process. Modern research by anthropologists and media specialists makes obvious that globalism is non an invincible, unidirectional force that levels everything in its path.David and Anthony McGrew have depicted recent debates over globalization as divided among three general positions the hyperglobalist, the skeptic, and the transformationalist. Briefly, the hyperglobalist understands contemporary globalization as heralding a new epoch of human history driven by the free movement of global capital and characterized by the inevitable rise of a world civilization that will result in the end of the nation-state. The skeptic, on the other hand, argues that this understanding of globalization is greatly exaggerated.Focusing on economic factors, the skeptic argues that there is nothing unprecedented about current levels of national interdependence, and that nation-states continue to be and will remain the primary political and economic actors in foreign affairs for the fore analyseable future. In contrast, the transformationalist understands the current epoch as one of unprecedented change. But unlike the hyperglobalist, the transformationalist argues that the direction of this process remains uncertain and in contest.The transformationalist disputes the claim that the sovereign state is a thing of the past, but also challenges the claim that states remain as strong as ever. He argues rather that globalization transforms the relationship between states, markets, sovereignty, and the transnational sphere. It challenges the governing and legitim ating capacities of old political arrangements, domestically and internationally. And it thus adds new incentives to the search for political innovation. (David and Anthony McGrew, 2002) To understand cultural changes one moldiness draw a feature between form and content.Outward appearance and first impressions are approximately always deceptive what matters most is the inner gist that people consign to a cultural innovation. numerous theorists, including both opponents and proponents of globalism, task their own attitudes onto the people they assert to represent assuming that all humans see the world in the similar way. The perceived sameness of global culture often reveals the expectations of the analysts, relatively than the perceptions of those who are the subjects of analysis. Misunderstandings of this nature thrive in the literature wedded to globalism.

Dr. Martin Luther King Essay

Early in the 20th century, Mohandas Gandhi started his political c areer in South Africa, resisting the discrimination against the Indian hoi polloi in South Africa. Despite some successes, segregation in South Africa remained a very real reality until the 1990s. Gandhi went back to India and achieved perhaps one of the greatest feats in history, liberating India from the yoke of colonialism through with(predicate) peaceable passive resistance. Gandhis strategy yielded much less spectacular results in South Africa.It may have been deducted thence that nonviolent passive resistance does not work everywhere and was successful mainly due to Gandhis leadership or the culture of the Indian people. But then came along another great visionary. Martin Luther queen regnant junior showed the humanness that nonviolent passive resistance works, not just in India, not just to a lower place Gandhis leadership, but also in the Western world. What Martin Luther mightiness Jr. achieved inspi red millions of South Africans who knew very well what segregation and discrimination meant.His words and the exercise he set avoided a bloodbath in a racial civil war in South Africa as it did here in America. Our media was fill up with reports of the civil rights struggle. Despite the South African governments attempts to turn Kings work into an example of the anarchy that would explode should apartheid be abolished, people saw and understood that justice will prevail and that violence is not the answer. (Richard, 1989) South Africas own icon of peace and forgiveness, Nelson Mandela, was fil take with hope and judgment of conviction by what King had achieved.There are so many par entirelyels between the lives of these two great men. Mandela like King unleashed great power among his people that led to their liberation. Both men throughout their lives encouraged a path not of hate and violence, but of non-violence and love. It may be what gave Mandela the courage to walk out of prison after 27 years and conquer what must have been a strong innate urge to retaliate with bitterness and hate. It is possible that Dr Kings words and work gave Mandela the strength to forgive and the conviction to lead his people to reconciliation in the miracle that is South Africa.What touched me was Dr. Kings dedication to the hauteur of the human being. He fought against each(prenominal) practices that robbed people of their dignity and pride. His speeches spoke to the best that resides in all of us. He reawakened my awareness of our ability to walk in accountability and dignity, despite circumstances and the actions of others. (Kenneth, 1974) Dr. Kings vision went beyond racial discrimination and the borders of the USA. He remained committed to uplifting the low and oppressed, white and black, and those committed in war.Dr Kings words have convinced me that the only way to heal this world is for all of us to realize that we are all one. We are all part of humanity and t he suffering of any one of us, affects all of us. Uplifting the poor and the oppressed can only be done by allowing people respect, dignity and justice. In addition to food and shelter, we all need to hold our heads high in dignity, to be proud of our lives and ourselves. Martin Luther King, Jr was the leader of civil rights in United States. He has dedicated his life to the struggle for the racial equality of African Americans.In August 28th, 1963, King gave one of his most influencing speeches entitled I Have A Dream. The speech was a critical step toward civil rights movement, because without it, Kings opinions of freedom and equality would never reach the hearts of his people, and they would never stand up as a whole to defend themselves. During the speech, King successfully expressed his opinions, and emotionally affected many listeners. This success came from his sensitive glide slope to audience, his ingenious use of style, and his inspirational tonus. (Harry, 1986)Primari ly, the speech was given publicly to a huge number of audiences of both live and televised. King was fully aware that in order to let his audience to favor his point of view, he has to be sensitive to them in every possible way. First of all, King demonstrated aesthesia by selecting a universal topic racial rights and freedom. This was an issue not only to the black community, but also to rest of the world. When King declared all of Gods children sing, free at last, it is evident that he included all the people blacks and whites, in the matter of freedom, and therefore became more appeal to his audience.(Marvyn, 2000) Furthermore, King tried to approach his audience through their emotions. He described his vivid dreams in which blacks and whites are able to live together in consonance and peace. I have a dream. The audience was obviously deeply touched by these images, and they could all imagine what a new and joyous world they could be living in. King successfully achieved his emotive purpose through these words, and bonded with the hearts of his audience. Lastly, King had given hope to his audience.The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to bump around the arses of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. The hope King had promised for his audience brightened their future ahead, and the audience in return would have to listen to King in order for their dream to come true. (Marvyn, 2000) In summary, Kings selection of a universal topic, his sensitive approach to emotions and his promises of future freedom all contributed in achieving his emotive purpose, and only by doing that, he would be able to persuade the audience to do what he says.The oral communication King used to convey his opinions was impressive. He used a lot of strong emotional words in crucial reprobates, for example sweltering with the heat of heaviness or seared in the flames of withering injustice. (Garth Baker-Fletcher, 1993) in all these metaphors were used very effec tively to provoke passion of the audience. The vivid words used in these metaphors, such as sweltering, heat of oppression or withering injustice conveyed strong emotional feelings in the audience, which allowed them to think about the seriousness of the issue being discussed more clearly.(Keith, 1992) Again, Kings language helped and supported his emotive purpose toward his audience. Other than the figurative language, King also used connotative statements to arouse feelings and reactions from audience. (Clayborne, 1991) An example can be found in the sentence black men as well as white man, should be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In the sentence, King connoted racial equality, which is the bounteous theme he had been discussing about, through common ideas of joy and freedom.This way, his audience would understand his opinions better and produce a more emotional reaction to him. To sum up, through Kings use of strong emotional wo rds, figurative and connotative language, he was able to convey his opinions more effectively. In 1963, the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation, the gray Christian Leadership Conference decided on the audacious move of attacking segregation in one of its most prominent heavenss, Birmingham, Alabama. This has been coined the total darkness conversion? by many historians. The day after the citys municipal elections, Martin Luther King Jr.s Southern Christian Leadership Conference candid their campaign. The civil rights movement underwent a dramatic transition as the nation watched the brutality of segregationist retaliation in Birmingham, despite the SCLCs commitment to direct, nonviolent action. (John, 1982) Working in conjunction with Birminghams civil rights leaders, King coordinated a campaign with the aim of attacking segregation with the use of rallies, sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations. Eugene Bull Connors stubborn refusal to give way to the civil rights movem ent gave the movement the attention that it needed.Bull Connor was determined to maintain the status quo, even if that meant resorting to violent tactics. Birmingham was the last area of fortified segregation, a blue-collar city full of racially-motivated violence, in which two strong and opposing forces confronted each other in full view of the nation. Connor stand for the force that wielded water hoses and police dogs the other force was represented by Martin Luther King and a movement struggling to bring to light the plight of blacks. Connors popularity, as demonstrated by his six victories in city commission races, was due to white voters, workers and corporate leaders alike.(Lerone, 1968) In addition of Martin Luther Kings language, his tone used during the speech was also helpful in transmitting his ideas. Dr. King used a combination of negative, positive and neutral tones in the speech. All of these helped to develop a strong emotional feeling in audience, at one time again related to Kings desire of emotive purpose. The speech started with a historical fact that the Emancipation Proclamation came as the great beacon light of hope for millions of Negro slaves but 100 years later the Negro still is not free. Through this neutral tone, King implied that his people had been cheated by the great democratic nation, and such statements could let part of the audience to ponder if they were the ones responsible for the mistake, and consequently, they would start to feel regretful and change their attitude for racial equality. One example of negative tone is found in a metaphoric sentence America has give the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked Insufficient Funds in which King expressed his view on the situation of freedom, and implied his audience to take immediate actions to stop this ridiculous deed.And later on, he switched to a more positive tone I say to you, my friends here, he was approaching his audience in a more friendly way, and this relates back to the sensitivity for audience to evoke a finger of compassion in the audience. For these reasons, Kings use of tone was effective in leading his audience to favor his point of view, and to strengthen sensitivity toward audience. In conclusion, with a careful sensitivity toward audience, extraordinary language and an adequate tone, Dr. Martin Luther King was able to emotionally affect his audience, and ultimately to persuade them to follow the path to freedom.(Brian, 1985) It was once said that the future is like a locked door and that education is the key to open a new world of possibilities. Dr. King was a firm worshipper in education for the youth of America. He encouraged all children in his neighborhood to go to school and college. He also donated money to extremely poor families to keep their children in school. At any rate, Dr. King basically believed that a stronger America relied on a more intelligent America. Dr. King voiced his ideas and stoo d up for what he believed in like no other person has done before.During the 1960s when society was living out a lie with segregation, Dr. King was like a booming voice of truth. Above all else, he suffered personal damage to his home as well as threats made to his family for his actions during the civil rights movement. However, Dr. King pushed on insisting that one-day people will realize that what they are doing is wrong and that he would be there protesting segregation until they did so. This beacon in the night unploughed his promise to convey his infuriation for segregation until the late 1960s in which he was assassinated for nothing more than his personal beliefs.Without a doubt, if Dr. King were quick today the world would be a safer place for everyone. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was the most influential man of the 20th century. He believed in equality for all in a time when America was separated like day and night. Also, he supported education, which in his eyes, served as the backbone of the betterment of society and the foundation for the future. However, the trait that most remember him for was his ability to voice his opinion like no other person has ever done before. References Brian M. Kane, The Influence of Boston Personalism on the Thought of Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr. (Boston University, 1985) Clayborne Carson , et al. , 1991 Martin Luther King, Jr. as Scholar A Reexamination of His Theological Writings, Journal of American History 781 95 Garth Baker-Fletcher 1993, Somebodyness Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Theory of Dignity (Minneapolis Fortress Press) Harry Emerson Fosdick, 1986 Martin Luther King, Jr. Borrows a Revolution Argument, Audience, and Implications of a Secondhand Universe, College English 482 249-65 John J. Ansbro, Martin Luther King, Jr. The make of a Mind ( Maryknoll, N. Y. Orbis Books, 1982).

Mckinsey Report July 2012

Day of reckoning for European sell banking McKinsey report July 2012 The dynamics of the global banking sector have been in flux since the beginning of the 2008. Irate creditors everywhere have called for more stringent jurisprudence to ensure that that the interests of financial institutions be more closely aligned with those of their customers and shareholders. The global, European and national authorities have responded with vigour and the regulative reform to which all banks, wholesale and retail, leave alone be instance in the coming years entrust have an historic impact on their bottom line.The single biggest cause of a reduction in retail banks ROE will come from the global regulatory mechanism Basel III, which will place greater capital requirements on banks and more emphasis on fair to middling funding and liquidity. Furthermore, three important European regulatory instruments, the EU Mortgage Directive, the Markets in fiscal Instruments Directive (MiFID II) and the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA), Payment Service Directive, will also considerably diminish ROE. Finally, the implementation of refreshful national regulation will create further downward pressure on ROE, though this will vary considerably from country to country.This report offers estimates on the impact on capital, revenues, cost and profit margins of all the relevant regulations on each product (both asset- and liability-based) in each of the four biggest European markets France, Germany, Britain and Italy which combined constitute 66% of the EU27 retail-banking market. ROE is the standard metric used and the report calculates the cumulative effect of all regulation as if it were all put in place immediately, using 2010 as the baseline year. The paper reaches some important conclusions.Firstly, with regard to national and continent-wide retail banking markets, ROE will fall from approximately 10% to 6% when all four markets are taken as a whole. Below is a partition of the effect in each of the national markets Country France Germany Italy UK ROE Pre-Regulation 14% 7% 5% 14% ROE Post-Regulation 10% 4% 3% 7% Delta -29 -47 -40 -48 The impact in the UK is particularly caustic as national regulation is extensive. In terms of the effect of regulation on the different product offerings of retail banks, asset-based products are generally the harder-hit.In the UK and France, mortgages and small-business loans will be the most adversely affected. Similarly in Germany mortgages, personal and small-business loans will be the most negatively influenced. In Italy, the value of every asset-based product will be impaired. The disheartening truth of the matter is that across the board the ROE of asset-based products will fall below 10%, which is currently the estimated cost of equity for retail banks. On the other hand, liability-based products will prove more resilient.Deposits will become more valuable to retail banks as they are an advantaged form of funding and l iquidity under new regulation. Geographically speaking, in France and Germany only investment products and debit cards will be negatively affected and in Italy most liability-based products will escape relatively intact. However, once again internal regulation in Britain will play a government agency in reducing retail banks ROE, to the extent that all liability products in the UK will be adversely affected. An important section of the report discusses global systemically important financial institutions (GSIFIs).Such pecuniary establishments are considered too interconnected and universal to be orbit to the new regulation imposed on smaller-scale retail banks. The Financial Stability Board has therefore proposed additional capital requirements for G-SIFIs, which will induce a further reduction of their ROE of anywhere between 0. 4 theatrical role points and 1. 3 percentage points depending on the institution. In addition, it will be obligatory for all G-SIFIs to prepare a recov ery and resolution plan (RRP) that will provide a strategic map for authorities to wind down the bank in the event of dissolution.The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is also developing new global rules on risk IT for G-SIFIs which are expected to be issued by the end of 2012. Such regulation will mean that these organisations will be subject to exhaustive supervision and many ad hoc requests, thus amplifying costs and absorbing management resources. The general conclusion of this paper is that it is improbable that banks across the board in Europe will return to pre-regulation ROE levels in the short to medium term. The UK will be particularly adversely affected due to its inflexible domestic regulation.Nevertheless, the paper proposes four mitigative measures retail banks can employ in order to blow the blow of new regulatory forces on their ROE levels. The scratch is Technical Mitigation, which essentially involves improving efficiency of capital and funding. Secon dly, Capital and funding-light operating models seek to further improve funding efficiency and reduce risk-weighted assets (RWAs) by implementing changes to their product mix and characteristics and ensuring more vigorous pursuit of collateral and better outplacement of risk.Thirdly, and although they will be severely restrain in doing so by regulatory authorities, banks can execute repricing in order to compensate the shortfall in ROE. The paper predicts more repricing in fragmented industries, which implies that the scale of repricing will be limited in the UK, a highly concentrated industry. Types of repricing include new fee-based pricing, modular pricing, partial performance remuneration and value-added packages. Finally, and perhaps most dramatically, financial institutions can pick out in Business-Model Alignment. Such restrategizing would involve two principle shifts. The first centres on a new, rigorous focus on ROE in retail banks, significance greater investment in ma nagement systems and strengthening their resource allocation processes. The second important shift can be denoted as Sustainable sell Banking, and comprises four key elements expansion into new revenue sources, creation of advice for which customers will pay, reconfiguration and refocusing of the distribution system to render it leaner and simpler and cutting absolute costs by 20 30%.By exercising the above levers, retail banks can create a bulwark against the weight of new regulation and cushion the inevitable reduction in their ROE. Anticipatory forward-planning of mitigation measures is central in adapting to the new regulatory environment engulfing retail banking and will help banks that are to the full committed to returning to pre-regulation ROE levels to achieve their post-regulatory reform potential.

Protection of Vulnerable People: Safeguarding those with Mental Illness

IntroductionIndividuals with intellectual wellness directs may piddle from neglect and shame as a result of their chink (Taylor, 2006). Hence, the National wellness Service (NHS) in the UK places emphasis on safeguarding these privates and recognising them as a unsafe group. The De subroutinement of Health (2000) states that the act of safeguarding is synonymous with protecting those who are more exposed to abuse and neglect. The main aim of this demonstrate is to discuss safeguarding patients suffering from affable complaint. The first part of this study discusses vulnerability in this group. Factors that influence vulnerability and how these impact the wellness and wellbeing of these individuals will to a fault be explored. The second part discusses multidisciplinary and multiagency interventions to protect and safeguard those with intellectual wellness conditions. The third part examines the safeguarding laws and policies that agree and inform the work of a mu lti-disciplinary team. This will then be followed by a reflection of the realiseings of this attempt and how these influence practice of a student nurse. Finally, a conclusion that summarises the key points raised in this essay will be done.Vulnerability of patients with mental health conditions Watkins (2008) observes that the limited ability individuals with mental health conditions to evince themselves increase the risk of abuse. For example, patients might express their fears and anxiety through aggressive behaviour (RCN, 2008). When patients are laid in a new environment, such as a hospital setting, they might be unavailing to articulate their feelings and become anxious. This is aggravated when they could not see their family members or when nurses take over their families in providing for their alimony (RCN, 2008). McDonnell (2011) explains that is not uncommon for these patients to become defensive and aggressive when surrounded with strangers.Second, patients with ment al indisposition often suffer from stigmatisation, discrimination and isolation (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011 Moran et al., 2013 Mestdagh and Hansen, 2014). Moran et al. (2013) states that isolation could aggravate the patients mental health condition since privation of social support increases risk of depression. Stigmatisation, on the other hand, increases vulnerability since patients might not entrance fee steal health dole out run due to negative perceptions of patients with mental illness (Mestdagh and Hansen, 2014). Individuals with a history of mental illness could to a fault experience discrimination at work or when applying for recitation (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). All these factors influence the health and wellbeing of those with mental health condition. Lack of social support and inability of an individual to find an employment increase the risk of depression (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). It is widely established (Cocker et al., 2014 Lubkin and Larsen, 2011) that chronic d epression is strongly associated with curt health outcomes such as development of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other chronic conditions. Importantly, depression has been associated with poor adherence to medications or a care plan (Grenard et al., 2011). Hence, vulnerable individuals such as those with mental health conditions could suffer poorer health as a result of discrimination, stigmatisation and isolation.Multi-disciplinary and multiagency interventions to protect and safeguard those with mental health conditions A blended approach in caring for vulnerable individuals with mental health conditions has been promoted in the NHS (passing Pathway, 2005). incompatible groups of healthcare professionals are involved in safeguarding those with mental health conditions. For instance, occupational therapists assistance patients engage in occupations that help restore meaning in their lives. On the other hand, therapists provide oppos ite types of counseling to aid individuals cope with their condition. For example, these therapists offer cognitive behavioural counseling or family therapy to help patients with their thought process or engage family members in the support and management of the individual (Gehart, 2012). Drawing from different literature, mental health nurses could in addition use current evidence to help inform care plans that are particular proposition for the needs of a vulnerable individual.Meanwhile, a focus is made on patient-centred care (Transition Pathway, 2005) This means that vulnerable individuals participate in healthcare decisions regarding their health. Health and social care team members provide the needed support as they help students arrive at an informed decision. Today, there are many types of therapies and interventions for individuals with mental health condition. Watkins (2008) observes that each individual is unique and hence, blended approach and choices are necessary to create a healthcare plan specific for the individual. The chronic nature of mental health conditions as well requires prolonged support and care from different healthcare team members. Similarly, multiple agencies spend a penny to coordinate care for each person. Many vulnerable individuals with mental health condition have to passageway from supported care to independent living. Further, transition from adolescence to adulthood for vulnerable individuals could be a specially challenging time. The incision of Health (2011a) has provided the Pathways to getting a Life white opus to help health and social care practitioners coordinate care for those with mental health condition transition to independent living.One of the challenges when providing multidisciplinary and multi-agency care for vulnerable individuals is allowing patients to exercise autonomy while maintaining their synthetic rubber. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (NMC, 2008) cypher of conduct stresses the impor tance of respecting patient autonomy when making healthcare decisions. However, patient autonomy might be difficult to observe especially if choices of the patients could lead to poor health outcomes. On the other hand, patients are as well as encouraged to participate in healthcare decisions. While this is considered as best practice, some patients might be reluctant to participate in healthcare decisions (De Las Cuevas and Penate, 2014 Goggins et al., 2014 Hajizadeh et al., 2014). This might be due to poor levels of knowledge regarding their condition (Goggins et al., 2014) or inability to participate in healthcare decisions (De Las Cuevas and Penate, 2014). The former could be manoeuvreed through patient education while the latter through representation of a family member.Meanwhile, social care has an integral exercise in helping vulnerable individuals not wholly transition to independent living but as well as in assisting them find suitable employment. The partnership betwe en health and social care ensures that individuals receive fit support when they return to their communities. Hence, empowering patients to take care of their own needs and to manage their condition prevents exacerbation of the condition or development of complications.Safeguarding laws and policiesThe policy No Health without Mental Health (Department of Health, 2011b) acts as a sink for different healthcare professionals, social care workers and other stakeholders when providing care for individuals with mental health conditions. Specifically, this policy states that just treatment should be provided for vulnerable groups. This suggests that treatment and services should not only be patient-centred but also responsive to the immediate and long-term needs of the vulnerable individual. However, equitable mental health treatment for different groups of patients still remains a challenge in the NHS.For instance, Nzira and Williams (2008) argue that all individuals, regardless of th eir race or ethnicity, should enjoy comparability in choice of their care providers and process. However, outline of recent literature (Cantor-Graae and Selten, 2005 Kirkbride et al., 2008 Marmot, 2010) suggest that individuals from the blacken and minority ethnic groups do not enjoy the same equality promoted in the Department of Healths (2011b) policy. Incidence of mental health conditions is still higher in the black and minority ethnic group compared to the general white population in the UK. Further, this group also experiences social exclusion as a result of poor housing opportunities. There is evidence that poor housing and homelessness have been associated with poorer mental health (Pattereson et al., 2013). Hence, individuals with mental health conditions who happen to belong to the black and minority ethnic groups tend to have poorer health outcomes compared to their white counterparts (Kirkbride et al., 2008).Apart from evaluating the impact of the No Health without M ental Health policy on vulnerable groups, it is also inwrought to investigate current legislations that safeguard those with mental health conditions. The Equality practice (UK Legislation, 2010) and the Mental Health performance 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) both promote the rights of mental health patients. The first Act supports equality in the workplace. For instance, the Act states that employers are generally not allowed to ask close the disability of an individual forrader a job is offered. Although this does not exempt employers from asking questions on the health and scene of early employees when utterly necessary, this shows that equality is observed in the workplace. Meanwhile, the Mental Health Act 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) introduces changes to the previous Mental Health Act 1983 (UK Legislation, 1983). This time, definition for mental health professionals is broadened to include different healthcare professionals who are involved in the care of patients even wi thout their consent. It should be noted that patients who pose a significant threat to others and to their own selves are admitted, detained and do by in hospital settings under this Act.RefectionOn reflection, this essay helped me realised the importance of increasing my knowledge on the needs of vulnerable patients with mental health conditions and the factors that promote their vulnerability. Healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, serve in the chief of care. As leaders of care, I will facilitate the care and management of vulnerable patients in the future. This is only possible if I am aware on how cultural differences, stigmatisation, discrimination and isolation influence the flight of stairs of their condition. I realised that all these factors are crucial in promoting inequalities in healthcare. If I fail to address these factors, I will not be able to provide quality care to my patients.This essay also helps me appreciate the value of working in multidisciplinary teams and being aware of the roles of each team member. Since mental health conditions are complex, a blended approach is necessary to address individual needs. Vulnerability of an individual is increase when team members fail to consider and address the holistic needs of a patient. In my current and future practice, I should be aware of how I could contribute to effective team collaboration in recount to reduce patient vulnerability.There is also a need to be aware of different safeguarding laws and policies for mental health patients. This will help me use these laws and policies to lobby for the rights of my patients. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) stresses the importance of patient safety and providing only quality care. Patient safety is observed when policies and laws on safeguarding are used to the fullest. On reflection, I should continue to become acquainted with different policies and legislations on safeguarding to ensure that the rights of my patients are protected. Specifically, this will help me find appropriate programmes or care pathways for my patients. On reflection, I should provide patient education to help patients make informed decisions regarding their care. This will not only empower my patients but also help them self-manage their own conditions. purposeThis essay explores the concept of vulnerability and focuses on patients with mental health condition as a proxy of the vulnerable group. These patients have additional challenges since mental illness is still strongly associated with discrimination, isolation and stigmatisation. Ethnic background also plays a role in their access to appropriate health and social care services. Those be to the black and minority ethnic groups have higher incidence of mental illness and less access to healthcare services compared to their white counterparts. The care pathway for vulnerable groups is supported by different health and social care agencies. Multidisciplinary and multi-agen cy team working are necessary to provide support to vulnerable groups. This essay demonstrates the importance of coordinating care and using a blended approach. Patient-centred care is highly promoted in the NHS since it is essential to design a care plan specific to the healthcare needs of an individual. Finally, this essay shows the importance of become acquainted with different policies and legislations on safeguarding. Knowledge on these policies and laws will help nurses exercise patient safety and quality care. Nurses will be able to identify appropriate health and social care services for each mental health service user.ReferencesCantor-Graae, E. & Selten, J. (2005) Schizophrenia and migration a meta-analysis and review, American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, pp. 12-24.Cocker, F., Nicholson, J., Graves, N., Oldenburg, B., Palmer, A., Martin, A., Scott, J., Venn, A. & Sanderson, K. (2014) imprint in working adults comparing the costs and health outcomes of working when il, PLo S One, 9(9) e105430 Online. useable from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25181469 (Accessed 3 November, 2014).De Las Cuevas, C. & Penate, W. (2014) To what conclusion psychiatric patients feel involved in decision making about their mental health careRelationships with socio-demographic, clinical, and psychological variables, Acta Neuropsychiatrica Online. Available from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288200 (Accessed 3 November, 2014).Department of Health (2000) No secrets Guidance on developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse. London Department of Health.Department of Health (2011a) Pathways to getting a life Online. Available from http//www.ndti.org.uk/uploads/files/2011-Pathways-to-getting-a-life.pdf (Accessed 3 November, 2014).Department of Health (2011b) No Health Without Mental Health A Cross-Government Mental Health Outcomes Strategy for wad of All Ages, London Department of Health.Gehart, D. (2012) The m ental health recovery movement and family therapy, part 1 consumer-led domesticize of services to persons diagnosed with severe mental illness, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3), pp. 429-442.Goggins, K., Wallston, K., Nwosu, S., Schildcrout, J., Castel, L. & Kripalani, S. (2014) Health literacy, numeracy, and other characteristics associated with hospitalized patients preferences for involvement in decision making, Journal of Health Communication, 19(2), pp. 29-43.Grenard, J., Munjas, B., Adams, J., Suttorp, M., Maglione, M., McGlynn, E. & Gellad, W. (2011) Depression and medication adherence int eh treatment of chronic diseases in the United States a meta-analsyis, Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(10), pp. 1175-1182.Hajizadeh, N., Uhler, L. & Perez Figueroa, R. (2014) Understanding patients and doctors attitudes about shared decision making for build care planning, Health Expectations Online. Available from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25336141 (Accessed 3 Novembe r, 2014). Kirkbride, J., Barker, D., Cowden, F., Stamps, R., Yang, M., Jones, P. & Coid, J. (2008) Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status, British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(1), pp. 18-24. Lubkin, I. & Larsen, P. (2011) Chronic illness impact and intervention, London Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Marmot, M. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives Strategic Review of health inequalities in England post-2010 Online. Available at www.marmotreview.org (Accessed 3 November, 2014).McDonnell, A. (2011) Managing aggressive behaviour in care settings Understanding and applying Low Arousal Approaches. Australia buttocks Wiley & Sons.Mestdagh, A. & Hansen, B. (2014) Stigma in patients with schizophrenia receiving community mental health care a review of soft studies, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(1), pp. 79-87.Moran, G., Russinova, S, Gidugu, V. & Gagne, C. (2013) Challenges experienced by paid peer providers in mental health recovery a qualitative study, Community Ment al Health Nursing, 49(3), pp. 281-291.Patterson, M., Rezansoff, S., Currie, L. & Somers, J. (2013) Trajectories of recovery among homeless adults with mental illness who participated in a randomised controlled trial of housing first A longitudinal, narrative analysis, British Medical Journal Open, 3(9)e003442. doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003442.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008). Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of fill Online. Available from http//www.nmc-uk.org/templates/pages/Search?q=spiritual%20care (Accessed 3 November, 2014).Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2008) Lets talk about restraint Rights, risks and responsibility. London RCN.Taylor, D. (2006) Schizophrenia in focus. London Pharmaceutical Press.Transition Pathway (2005) Person Centred Transition pathway is here How did it happenOnline. Available from http//www.transitionpathway.co.uk/index.html (Accessed 3 November, 2014).UK Legislation (1983) Mental Health Act 1983. Available from http//www.legislation.gov.uk/u kpga/1983/20/contents Accessed 3 November, 2014.UK Legislation (2007) Mental Health Act 2007 Online. Available from http//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents (Accessed 3 November, 2014).UK Legislation (2010) Equality Act 2010 Online. Available from https//www.gov.uk/when-mental-health-condition-becomes-disability (Accessed 3 November, 2014). Watkins, P. (2008) Mental health practice A channelise to compassionate care. London Elsevier Health Sciences.

Research Paper on Impact of Attitude on Job Satisfaction Essay

The survey showed positive and negative relations with course gladness. It was assimilate after the survey that high organizational commitment, high core self-evaluation and positive behavior towards the organization resulted in high origin satisfaction. Whereas emotion should be controlled by employees to achieve satisfaction on the job. On the other hand cognition is a controversial issue. High cognition may either affect satisfaction of an employee positively or negatively. The relationship between job satisfaction and cognitive dissonance is negatively related.The findings call forth incorporating these attitudes of employees may provide organizations with the potential to improve job satisfaction significantly. Keywords Organizational commitment, emotions, cognition, behavior, cognitive dissonance, core self-evaluation, job satisfaction. profession satisfaction is defined as the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs This transl ation says job satisfaction is a general or global affective reaction that individuals hold near their job (Stahl & Michael, 2004).The traditional job satisfaction facets include co-workers, pay, job conditions, supervision, nature of the work and benefits. strain satisfaction mainly implies doing a job one enjoys, doing it well, and being suitably rewarded for ones efforts. Further, job satisfaction implies enthusiasm and happiness with ones work. The Harvard Professional Group (1998) sees job satisfaction as the keying ingredient that leads a person to recognition, income, promotion, and the achievement of other goals that lead to a general feeling of fulfillment.Job Satisfaction is influenced by a lot of factors but in our survey we concentrated on a few and they are organizational commitment, emotions, cognition, behavior, cognitive dissonance and core self-evaluation (Zidle, 2012). There are many methods for beat job satisfaction. By far, the most common method for collec ting data regarding job satisfaction is theLikert crustal plate(named afterRensisLikert). Other less common methods of for gauging job satisfaction include Yes/No questions, True/ chimerical questions, point systems, checklists, and forced choice answers.

Attention to Detail Essay

Paying attention to point in time is a key part in todays society not only in the Marine Corps or the military machine but in noncombatant life as well. No matter what c beer or MOS you are in you need to concentrate and focus on attention to detail. Without it one could miss a of import part or step in the process and mess something up. It could be as small as a document that you can redo or as big as not getting a bolt right on a plane and destroy millions of dollars of equipment and get someone killed. in that location is a reason we are constantly told to pay attention and mountt get complicit.In the military attention to detail is key and very important and should be a part of everything you do. An workout of attention of detail would be to bring canteens and jerry cans to refill canteens but without checking to make sure there is body of water in them they are useless. Another would be safety rules on the range. You may know them but if you dont pay attention you could forget to put your weapon back on safe afterward firing. Also if you forget to tighten a bolt to the right torque it could cause something to go legal injury and destroy millions of dollars of equipment and get someone injured in the process or even killed.In civilian life it is important to pay attention to detail for many reasons. If you work in an office or work with documents all day need to make sure each one is accurate and a filled out correctly. Making sure to use capitation where it is needed and using the right contrives and formats. It should take conviction to fill forms out and make sure they are correct reading them over multiple times. If something is messed up with the forms it could cause issues later when the documents are needed.No matter what you do in life attention to detail is key and should be implemented in everything you do. It could mean everything from as small as a form or as big as a plane. You are told to do something a specific modal value pay att ention to every detail and dont mess anything up.

Death and Athlete Essay

Title The title whoremaster suggest two different things because dying unexampled can be interpreted differently figuratively and literally. Literally, it would mean that the athlete was dying. Figuratively, it would mean that the athletes c beer was coming to an end earlier than expect perhaps because he was sick or injured. Paraphrase The speaker is specifically addressing the athlete dying young but is addressing everyone in general. When you won the townspeople race, everyone congratulated and cheered for you. However, today we bring you home after you finished your massive race. Youre smart for leaving the world before triumph left hand you.Though victory and sequent glory comes primal, it withers away faster than a rose. Now since you are dead, you cannot see or see to it anything. At least your fame and glory stays with you as you died. Many peoples renown and fame left them before they left. So leave the world before fames echo fades. Then your fame go out extend fo rever and you will be well known for your achievement. Connotation Form This meter is kind of uniform an eulogy because it praises the athlete who died/is dying young.In stanza 3, the speaker counts to be praising the athlete by stating, yearn lad, to slip betimes away From fields where glory does not stay. Hes basically saying, Yay. dandy job on dying young. Diction The diction is relatively easy to read and seems very conventional. This makes it seem as if the poem was not specifically for the athlete or athletes but for everyone. Imagery The imagery makes the poem seem more elegiac. Stanza 3 And early though the medal grows It withers quicker than the rose. Stanza 7 bequeath flock to gaze the strengthless dead Point of View The POV seems to be that of a fellow resident of the town the athlete dying young resided in. We chaired you through we bring you home Details There are a lot of details on life/death and glory/fame.Allusions There is an allusion to the time of t he Greeks. It was customary in ancient Greece to crown champion athletes with wreaths with leaves from laurel trees. Stanza 3 And early though the laurel grows. Stanza 7 And fat that early-laurelled head Symbolism In stanza 2, the road all runners come symbolizes life and how it eventually leads to death. In stanza 3. the laurel symbolizes glory and fame while the rose symbolizes how beauty/victory/life is ephemeral. Figurative Language In stanza 2, at that place is a metaphor dealing with the stiller town. Basically, there is a comparison of a cemetery/graveyard to a town.Also, in stanza 4, the shady night is a comparison of night to death. Attitude Well, at first, I thought the tone was depressing because it was mournful of an athlete who died young. However, the speakers tone seems to be more reverent than mournful because the praises the speaker gives to the athlete makes it seem as if dying young is better. The speaker states that since he died young, his fame/glory is f resh and everlasting and that this is better than runners whom renown outran them. Shifts There is shift from the first stanza to the aid stanza and then from the second to the third.From then on the stanzas are mostly positive. The first stanza is rather celebratory. Everyone is celebrating the athlete who won the race. Then in the second stanza, the mood shifts from cheerful to mournful because the athlete now died. After the second stanzas, all the stanzas are more optimistic. It makes early death seems better than long life. Title My original opinions of the title are quite similar to my current ones. Basically the poem is about a champion athlete who died early. Due to his early death, his fame lingers on because his accomplishments in life will still be remembered.The athlete in the poem literally dies but so does his career as well. However, one thing that doesnt die or downslope is the athletes accomplishments. Theme(s) The main theme in this poem is between life/death a nd glory. life story doesnt last forever and neither does youth nor fame. Since fame/glory is ephemeral like beauty, if you live for in addition long after your accomplishments, your fame/glory is bound to wither away before you do. However, if you die with achievements, your renown will be fresh and remembered. Yet the consequence to this is that you have to face bitter death.

Which Meaning of Compensation Seems Most Appropriate from an Employee’s View: Return, Reward or Entitlement?

Which meaning of honorarium seems intimately appropriate from an employees view Return, reinforcing stimulus or entitlement? Compensation and Benefits remain as an invaluable pecker to attract, motivate and go on qualified placedidates. Compensation refers to the wages and other non-financial wreaks of compensation that an organisation contribute to employees for the work they do. Compensation can be given out to employees in the form of pay, incentives, and benefits for performing their job.A total compensation and benefits parcel of land aids the organisation in increasing and maintaining the individuals and teams morale, encourage indigence towards peak performance, achieve internal and external equity, and increases employees loyalty to the organisation. When employees see compensation as a form of entitlement, they might feel that this compensation is unconnected with their accomplishment. Compensation systems are meant to attract, retain and motivate employees. When e mployees see their compensation as a form of entitlement, the motivation effect ceases.Employee reward and recognition programs are one order of motivating employees to change work habits and key behaviours. Employee reward systems refer to programs set up by a smart set to reward performance and motivate employees on individual and/or group levels. They are unremarkably considered separate from salary but may be monetary in nature or contrastingly have a cost to the company. support systems may be used as a rotating shaft to lure top employees in a competitive job market as well as to increase employee performance.Though employee recognition programs are often combined with reward programs they retain a different purpose altogether. They are intended to provide a psychologicalrewards a financialbenefit. Although many elements of conception and maintaining reward and recognition systems are the same, it is useful to keep this difference in mind, especially for small busines s line owners interested in motivating staffs while keeping costs low. In designing a reward program, a small business owner brings to separate the salary or merit pay system from the reward system.Financial rewards, especially those given on a regular basis much(prenominal) as bonuses, profit sharing, etc. , should be tied to an employees or a groups accomplishments and should be considered pay at risk in order to distance them from salary. By doing so, a manager can avoid a sense of entitlement on the part of the employee and ensure that the reward emphasizes excellence or achievement kind of than underlying competency. Merit pay increases, then, are not part of an employee reward system. Normally, they are an increase for inflation with additional percentages separating employees by competency.They are not particularly motivating since the distinction that is usually made between a good employee and an average one is relatively small. In addition, they increase the fixed cos ts of a company as opposed to variable pay increases, much(prenominal) as bonuses, which have to be re-earned each year. Finally, in many small businesses teamwork is a crucial element of a successful employees job. Merit increases generally reappraisal an individuals job performance, without adequately taking into account the performance within the context of the group or business.Types of Reward Programs include Variable Pay, Bonuses, Profit Sharing, Stock Options, Group- based reward systems, Bonuses are generally short-term motivators. By honor an employees performance for the previous year, they encourage a short-term perspective rather than future-oriented accomplishments. In addition, these programs need to be carefully structured to ensure they are rewarding accomplishments above and beyond an individual or groups basic functions. Otherwise, they run the risk of being perceived of as entitlements or regular merit pay, rather than a reward for outstanding work.Proponents, h owever, contend that bonuses are a perfectly legitimate means of rewarding outstanding performance, and they argue that such compensation can actually be a powerful tool to encourage future top-level efforts. Recognition Program While most employees certainly appreciate monetary awards for a job well done, many people merely seek recognition of their hard work. For an entrepreneur with to a greater extent ingenuity than cash available, this presents an opportunity to motivate employees. Cash is no longer the ultimate motivator.Non-cash awards tend to be more effective the exception was rewarding increasing sales. Non-cash awards programs would work better than cash in such cases as reinforcing organizational values and cultures, improving teamwork, increasing customer satisfaction and motivating specific behaviors among other programs. One problem associated with many compensation systems is the lack of employee involvement. Though it has been stated that reward in most cases has mo re motivation, attraction and retention effects, it might not be so for some employees.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

realism in politics is a governmental philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political trans movemention. It is based upon assumption that king should be the primary goal of any political dally, both in inter tribeal or house servant sphere. As farthermost as internal personal business are concerned, this supposition sound outs that political figures are alleged(a) to direct all efforts to maximizing their world-beater. checkly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing its exponent among an early(a)(prenominal) states.This speculation can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician move self-interest. realness in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was likewise fey by Machiavelli in his writing The Pr ince, as well as by early(a) outstanding philosophers wish Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a in the buff form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the materialest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the demesne is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory refer to classes, while another(prenominal) political theorists to states. (Ahrensdorf) governmental realism is explained in the following wayPrior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the worlds stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists directions on the development of the nation-state, a polic y that was subsequently extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Ger worldly concerny and the United States were influenced by imperialism. (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other branches political realism is as follows adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to precept over other nations, while other part of realists pays to the highest degree management to the need of ensuring that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own need before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive piece body stands for the suggestion that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could rule with an all-purpose policy code.Since the anarchy does non need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading plans or turnies, the theorists most(prenominal)ly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobbs theory Where there is no common index, there is no Law where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security every man will and may lawfully confide on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men. (Hobbes, Leviathan , Part I, Ch. 13 Of Man, and Part II, Ch. 17, Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, OCallaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it mounts that international surrounding is not stable. either order is affected if states compete for the kindred need, and under such circumst ances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive quality of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual state on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably hasit would increase trade, it would gain an impor tant ally, it would intuitive feeling guilty if it didnt, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile. (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of brain political reasons, which requests understanding the causes of state diplomats and re submitatives. The phase of officers relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The synthetic value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz) The present international sphere of nations interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong account in support of political realism there flip been more than 200 wars sinc e the mediate of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the stateWithout a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs just as a domestic government removes internal discord and punishes local crime, so to a fault ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.Such argument includes the personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be oppositely judged. In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by normative political realism, for instance, the tale that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the applicable state of international relations.This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of populace Politics an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and Aristotle referred to this aspect as a purpose necess ary to provide security of the national power, they asserted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere declared that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only. Difference between neorealism and simple realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreementWhat the one wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too. Struggle and competition lead. Man cannot therefore hope to be good, but must be content with not being too evil. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power alternatively than oppose it. (cited in The Globalization of human race Politics an Introduction to International Relations).These ideas performed specific approach to a scheme applied in international affairs a careful statesman must avoid hopeful view on others aims and intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leadership of the the States and Israeli against the intentions of Syria and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict It is likely that agreements will be reached because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous. simply when this happens, we must avoid euphoria. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order. (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential element of international affairs, referring the line of merchandise of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for power to rule over other pile.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often insist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on up groups position in comparison to other groups. Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition , the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a right to use any tools to protect themselves.Besides, he assumed that all mankind has a perpetual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for power due to a natural inclination, and concentrat es on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by good as well as bad leaders. (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible subordination by others through a policy of balancing against others power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a spinal fusion that supports an aggressive state, in hopes of turning its aggression elsewhere.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity and desire to have the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy alike act competitively. The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which importantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars. As soon as the states interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to their positions in power.The classical realist worldview appealed to many statesmen d uring the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as knightly forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system. (Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon finesse a concentration on possible results rather than good intentions a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do not contradict Americas own truly resilient interests and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound a wareness of the limits on both American power and on American goodness (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept. It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is demand to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA power is handle as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests and needs of other states should be satisfied. Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular arena. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by mainland China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, thats why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in this region. (Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security. Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations the Struggle for Power and Peace. McGraw Hill NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of International Society. London Pinter taphouselishers, 2000. The Globalization of World Politics an Introduction to International Relat ions. change by Baylis, J. and S. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , OCallaghan, T. International Relations The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C. Wittkopf, E. World Politics. Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Viotti, P. R.Kauppi, M. V. International Relations Theory Realism, Pluralism, Globalism. Macmillan Pub Co, 1993. Legro, J. W. Moravcsik, A. Is Anybody Still a Realist? International Security. Fall 1999 Jervis, R. Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation.. International Security. Summer 1999 Ahrensdorf, P. J. Thucydides realistic critique of realism. Polity spend 1997 Lieven, A. Hulsman, J. Americas World Role Has to be Realistic and Moral. October 17, 2006, retrieved at http//www. realisticforeignpolicy. org/archives/2006/10/americas_world. php.